事例研究関連文献 - 半導体

Paulino,Victor dos Santos, Callois,Michel(2010) “Innovation and Reliability Strategies in the Defense, Space and Semiconductor Industries: a Comparative Analysis,” International Journal of Innovation Management, 14(5), pp.795-821
doi: 10.1142/S136391961000288X

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「技術発展のS字カーブ的発展」論関連文献

[関連文献]
Foster, R. N. (1986). The S-curve: A new forecasting tool. Macmillan.
Christensen, C.M. (1992) “Exploring the Limits of the Technology S-Curve. Part I: Component Technologies,” Production and Operation Management, 1(4), pp.334-357
Christensen, C.M. (1992) “Exploring the Limits of the Technology S-Curve. Part II: Architectural Technologies,” Production and Operation Management, 1(4), pp.358-366
Skinner, Wickham (1996) “MANUFACTURING STRATEGY ON THE “S” CURVE,” Production and Operation Management, 5(1), pp.3-14
Schmidt,Glen M., Druehl,Cheryl T.(2005) “Changes in Product Attributes and Costs as Drivers of New Product Diffusion and Substitution,” Production and Operation Management, 14(3), pp.358-366
Gaimon, Cheryl(2008) “The Management of Technology: A Production and Operations Management Perspective,” Production and Operation Management, 17(1), pp.1-11
DOI: 10.3401/poms.1070.0007

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新製品開発論関連文献

[関連文献]
Krishnan1,V., Loch,Christoph H. (2005) “A Retrospective Look at Production and Operations Management Articles on New Product Development,” 14(4), pp.433-441

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Kline, S.J. and N. Rosenberg (1986) “An Overview of Innovation”

Kline, S.J. and N. Rosenberg (1986) “An Overview of Innovation”, in R. Landau and N. Rosenberg (eds) The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth, Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, pp.275-304
http://www.google.co.jp/books?id=8zErAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=ja&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=falseより、The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growthを丸ごとPDFファイルとしてダウンロードできる。
[本論文が挙げている参考文献]

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Caraca,Joao, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Sandro Mendonca (2009) "The changing role of science in the innovation process: From Queen to Cinderella?," Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 76, pp.861-867

Caraca,Joao, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Sandro Mendonca (2009) “The changing role of science in the innovation process: From Queen to Cinderella?,” Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 76, pp.861-867
本論文は、イノベーションに対する科学の役割を論じ、リニアモデル、連鎖モデルに対する第3の分析枠組みを提示したものである。高付加価値製品(high added value products)のほとんどすべては科学的知識を具現化したものであるとしながらも、科学はイノベーションによる成長を導く多様な知識の内の一つであるとし、市場および組織に対する理解の重要性を強調している。
[本論文の参考文献一覧]
[1] J. Caraca, J. Ferreira, S. Mendonca, Modelo de interaccoes em cadeia: Um modelo de Inovacao para a economia do conhecimento, mimeo, Porto: COTEC ? Portuguese Industry Association for Innovation (2006).
[2] J. Caraca, J. Ferreira, S. Mendonca, A Chain-interactive Model of the Innovation Process: an Introduction, Dept. of Economics, ISEG ? Technical University of Lisbon, 2007 WP 12/2007/DE.
[3] M.B. Jensen, B. Johnson, E. Lorenz, B.A. Lundvall, Forms of knowledge and modes of innovation, Res. Policy 36 (2007) 680?693.
[4] For a critical assessment of the validity of this hypothesis see K. Pavitt, Why European funding of academic research should be increased: a radical proposal.
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866 J. Caraca et al. / Technological Forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 861?867
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[16] C. Freeman, Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems ? complementarity and economic growth, Res. Policy 31 (2002) 191?211; B.A. Lundvall, B. Johnson, E.S. Andersen, B. Dalum, National systems of production, innovation and competence building, Res. Policy 31 (2002) 213?231.
[17] W.M. Cohen, D.A. Levinthal, Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation, Adm. Sci. Q. 35 (1990) 128?152.
[18] C. Freeman, F. Louca, As Time Goes By: the Information Revolution and the Industrial Revolutions in Historical Perspective, Oxford University Press, Oxford,2001.
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Fagerberg,Jan (2003) "Innovation: A Guide to the Literature," The Workshop: The Many Guises of Innovation: What we have learnt and where we are heading, Ottawa, October 23-24.2003

Fagerberg,Jan (2003) “Innovation: A Guide to the Literature,” The Workshop: The Many Guises of Innovation: What we have learnt and where we are heading, Ottawa, October 23-24.2003
Oxford Handbook of Innovation,Oxford Univ Press,2006の編者の一人のFagerbergによるイノベーション関連の文献紹介
[本論文の参考文献一覧]
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21 For a discussion of the role of different types of knowledge in economics, including the organizational dimension, see Cowan et al. (2000) and Ancori et al. (2000).15
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Dosi, Giovanni (1988) "Sources, Procedures, and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXVI (September 1988), pp. 1120-1171

Dosi, Giovanni (1988) “Sources, Procedures, and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation,” Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXVI (September 1988), pp. 1120-1171
本論文の目的は、「抽象的な技術的機会(notional technological opportunities)から実際のイノベーション活動((actual innovative efforts)へ、そして最終的には諸産業の構造やパフォーマンスにおける変化へと至る過程を分析すること」(pp.1120-1121)である。
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[本論文を参照している文献一覧]
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科学的発見による製品イノベーション

科学的発見を契機とする製品イノベーション

[事例1]花王のヘルシアコーヒー
花王の発表によれば、「花王は世界で初めてコーヒークロロゲン酸の脂肪低減メカニズムを発見」した。そしてそうした発見に基づいて、ヘルシア・シリーズにコーヒー風味の「ヘルシアコーヒー」という新製品を作り上げた。花王によれば、ヘルシアコーヒーの継続飲用によって脂肪燃焼量が増加し、おなかの脂肪が低減する効果があり、特定保健用食品では初めて「脂肪を消費しやすくするコーヒー」として許可を受けている。
http://www.kao.co.jp/healthya/coffee/index.html
http://www.kao.co.jp/healthya/coffee/02.html
http://www.kao.co.jp/healthya/coffee/05.html
http://www.kao.co.jp/healthya/chlorogenic/index.html
http://www.kao.co.jp/healthya/coffee/faq.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=NT9pUYcBR5g
[調べて見よう]
課題1.花王のヘルシアコーヒーなど特定保健用食品(特保、トクホ)の有用性がどのようなものであるのかに関しては、販売元の企業の宣伝的主張に対してかなり強い批判的主張が展開されている。それはどのようなものであるのかを調べてまとめるとともに、「どのように考えるのが正しいのか?」を論じなさい。
[参考情報]
内閣府ホーム>審議会・懇談会等>消費者委員会>過去の消費者委員会>第1次>部会・専門調査会会議資料>新開発食品調査部会、新開発食品評価第一・第二調査会 > 第4回 新開発食品調査部会 議事録
「有効性のところですけれども、今回のクレームは体重を減らすということだと思いますけれども、これを示したデータ、臨床試験の結果が、普通の解析だとほとんど有意差がないというデータなわけです。特殊な検定をして、Paired t-testというようなことでやって、それで有意差があるから、だから有効なんだというような評価をしていますけれども、こういう評価をしたことは私は今まで一度も見たことがないんですね。]
http://www.cao.go.jp/consumer/history/01/kabusoshiki/shinkaihatu/bukai/004/gijiroku/
ヘルシアコーヒーの安全性に関する食品安全委員会の評価
食品安全委員会(2009)「ヘルシアコーヒー 無糖ブラック:評価案件ID kya20070719001」食品安全総合情報システム

http://www.fsc.go.jp/fsciis/evaluationDocument/show/kya20070719001

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イノベーションの単語的意味

 学問的流行語に一般的なことであるが、イノベーションという単語も、パラダイムというかっての流行語と同じく、その単語の使い手によって千差万別の意味で使われている。イノベーションという単語に関する様々な用法の内で共通している内容は「革新」「変化」という程度しかない。実際、「イノベーション」という単語を、「革新」や「変化」という語に置き換えてもまったく問題はないように思われる。(ただし「変化」一般ではなく、どちらかといえば積極的な意味、肯定的な意味を持つ「変化」に限定されて使われる。)
 イノベーションという単語の意味それ自体も、日々「イノベーション」にさらされている。そのため有益な学問的コミュニケーションを行うために、イノベーションという単語をどのような意味で用いているのかということを明確にした上で議論することが必要である。
 まず一般的に用いられているイノベーション概念としてどのようなものがあるかを概観し、そうした理論的規定の内で本稿においては何を主たる対象として論じているのかを明確にすることにしよう。
何に関するイノベーションであるかという視点からは、イノベーションを次のように分類することができる。

  1. プロダクト・イノベーション(Product Innovatin) —- 製品が持つ機能や性能に関するイノベーション、製品をさらに「高性能化」することや従来の製品になかった新機能を実現することなど製品そのものを革新するイノベーション
  2. プロセス・イノベーション(process innovation) —- 製品の製造プロセス(production process)に関するイノベーション、製品の製造コストを従来よりも低減させることや製品の品質を従来よりも向上させることなど製品の製造プロセスを革新するイノベーション
  3. ビジネス・イノベーション(business innovation) —- 個別企業のビジネスやビジネス・プロセスに関するイノベーション(ビジネス・イノベーションの実際の遂行過程では、aやbのイノベーションの先行的実現か、同時的実現を前提としてなされることも多い)
  4. 産業イノベーション(industrial innovation) —- 個々の産業レベルにおいてなされるイノベーション(メカトロニクス化、IT化、ソフトロニクス化などによる産業のあり方全体の変化、産業イノベーションは、個々の企業レベルにおけるビジネス・イノベーションの積み重ねとしてのなされることもあれば、ドイツにおけるIndustrie4.0のように産業イノベーションの政策的推進を受けて個々の企業レベルにおけるビジネス・イノベーションがなされることともある)
  5. 地域イノベーション(regional innovation) —- 産業のあり方や社会のあり方の変化にともなう地域のあり方の変化(LCCによる旅客数の増加などによる地域のあり方の変化など)、あるいは、ある特定の地域で先導的になされる地域のあり方の変化(経済特区の指定などによる地域のあり方の変化)
  6. ナショナル・イノベーション(national innovation)
  7. トランス・ナショナル・イノベーション(trans-national innovation)

 本サイトで主として取り扱うのは上記の内の1~3という三つのタイプのイノベーションである。
 しかも本サイトでは、「プロダクト・イノベーションやプロセス・イノベーションがビジネス・イノベーションの必要条件である」という作業仮説のもとに議論をおこなう。
ただしビジネス・イノベーションの遂行に際して、プロダクト・イノベーションやプロセス・イノベーションが「同時」的に遂行されると考えているわけではない。ビジネス・イノベーションの遂行に際して、「新規」にはプロダクト・イノベーションもプロセス・イノベーションもまったくおこなわれないこともあることを筆者も認める。既存の経営リソースを利用し、それらの組み合わせ法や結合法を変えるだけでビジネス・イノベーションがおこなわれうることを筆者も認める。
 確かに、シュンペーターの「新結合」としてのイノベーションは、「新規」の技術革新抜きでも遂行可能である。当該時点で利用可能な既存要素の「新結合」だけでもイノベーションは遂行可能である。
 しかしそうした既存要素もまた過去の技術革新による生成物である。既存要素は、過去になされたプロダクト・イノベーションやプロセス・イノベーションの生産物なのである。
というのも、ポーターも「どのような会社も多数の技術と関わっている。・・・企業の行なうあらゆることに何らかの種類の技術が必ず用いられている」「企業は、活動の集合体として、技術の集合体でもある。(A firm, as a collection of activities, is a collection of technologies.)」Porter(1985)p.167[ポーター(1985)p.210]と述べているように、企業のすべての活動には技術が関わっているからである。

Porter, Michael E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press,pp.164-[ポーター, M.E. (土岐坤訳,1985)『競争優位の戦略』ダイヤモンド社,p.207]
[関連WEB]
カテゴリー: イノベーション分類, イノベーション論, ポーター | コメントする